🧬 eDNA metabarcoding primer sets

Reference genome / locus
Amplicons

eDNA metabarcoding primer sets with target gene, organism group, primer sequences, and expected amplicon size (insert, excluding primers). Use the Genome Browser tab to visualise in-silico PCR results against reference mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear rDNA sequences.

AssayTarget groupForward primerReverse primerSize (bp)Reference
COI
folmer_COImetazoaLCO1490: GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGGHCO2198: TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA658Folmer et al. 1994 β†—
geller_COImetazoajgLCO1490: TITCIACIAAYCAYAARGAYATTGGjgHCO2198: TAIACYTCIGGRTGICCRAARAAYCAβ€”Geller et al. 2013 β†—
leray_COImetazoamlCOIintF: GGWACWGGWTGAACWGTWTAYCCYCCjgHCO2198: TAIACYTCIGGRTGICCRAARAAYCA313Leray et al. 2013 β†—
Leray-XTmetazoamlCOIintF-XT: GGWACWRGWTGRACWITITAYCCYCCjgHCO2198: TAIACYTCIGGRTGICCRAARAAYCA313Wangensteen et al. 2018 β†—
lobo_COImetazoaLoboF1: KBTCHACAAAYCAYAARGAYATHGGLoboR1: TAAACYTCWGGRTGWCCRAARAAYCAβ€”Lobo et al. 2013 β†—
fwh1invertebratesfwhF1: YTCHACWAAYCAYAARGAYATYGGfwhR1: ARTCARTTWCCRAAHCCHCC178Vamos et al. 2017 β†—
fwh2invertebratesfwhF2: GGDACWGGWTGAACWGTWTAYCCHCCfwhR2: GTRATWGCHCCDGCAARWACWGG205Vamos et al. 2017 β†—
wilderlab_CIinvertebrateswilderlab_fwhF2: DACWGGWTGAACWGTWTAYCCHCCwilderlab_coi_reverse: GTTGTAATAAAATTAAYDGCYCCTARAATDGA76Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_EAfreshwater musselswilderlab_EA_F: TATATAATGTTATTGTAACRGCGCwilderlab_EA_R: CCCARCATCAAAGGAATCAAYCAβ€”Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_XGbullieswilderlab_XG_F: GCAATYTCCCAGTATCARACACCwilderlab_XG_R: GCAGCAAGMACGGGGAGβ€”Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
12S rRNA
MiFish-UfishMiFish-U-F: GTCGGTAAAACTCGTGCCAGCMiFish-U-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTG174Miya et al. 2015 β†—
MiFish-EelasmobranchsMiFish-E-F: GTTGGTAAATCTCGTGCCAGCMiFish-E-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCTAGTTTG174Miya et al. 2015 β†—
MiFish-U/EfishMiFish-U/E-F: GTYGGTAAAWCTCGTGCCAGCMiFish-U/E-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCYAGTTTGβ€”Miya et al. 2015 β†—
valentini_12SfishL1848: ACACCGCCCGTCACTCTH1913: CTTCCGGTACACTTACCATG63Valentini et al. 2016 β†—
MiMammal-UmammalsMiMammal-U-F: GGGTTGGTAAATTTCGTGCCAGCMiMammal-U-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTGβ€”Ushio et al. 2017 β†—
MiMammal-EelephantsMiMammal-E-F: GGACTGGTCAATTTCGTGCCAGCMiMammal-E-R: CATAGTGAGGTATCTAATCTCAGTTTGβ€”Ushio et al. 2017 β†—
MiMammal-BbearsMiMammal-B-F: GGGTTGGTTAATTTCGTGCCAGCMiMammal-B-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTGβ€”Ushio et al. 2017 β†—
MarVer1vertebratesMarVer1F: CGTGCCAGCCACCGCGMarVer1R: GGGTATCTAATCCYAGTTTG205Valsecchi et al. 2020 β†—
wilderlab_RVvertebrates12S-V5-F: TTAGATACCCCACTATGC12S-V5-R: TAGAACAGGCTCCTCTAG100Riaz et al. 2011 β†—
wilderlab_LGfishwilderlab_LG_F: CGGCGTAAAGWGTGGTTAGGMiFish-U-R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTG113Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_LVvertebrateswilderlab_LV_F: TCGTGCCAGCCRCCGCwilderlab_LV_R: CATAGTGGGGTATCTAATCCCAGTTTG133Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_LMmammalsMarVer1F: CGTGCCAGCCACCGCGMarVer1R: GGGTATCTAATCCYAGTTTGβ€”Valsecchi et al. 2020 β†—
16S rRNA
Vert-16S-eDNAfishVert-16S-eDNA-F1: AGACGAGAAGACCCTDTGGAGCTTVert-16S-eDNA-R1: GATCCAACATCGAGGTCGTAA250Vences et al. 2016 β†—
MarVer3vertebratesMarVer3F: AGACGAGAAGACCCTRTGMarVer3R: GGATTGCGCTGTTATCCC253Valsecchi et al. 2020 β†—
16S_FishSyn_Shortfish16S_FishSyn_Short_F: GACGAGAAGACCCTGTGGAGC16S_FishSyn_Short_R: CCGYGGTCGCCCCAAC80Nester et al. 2020 β†—
16S_FishSyn_Longfish16S_FishSyn_Long_F: GACGAGAAGACCCTDTGGAG16S_FishSyn_Long_R: GRATTGCGNTGTTATCCCT200Nester et al. 2020 β†—
wilderlab_WVvertebrateswilderlab_WV_F: GACGAGAAGACCCTWTGGAGCwilderlab_WV_R: CCRYGGTCGCCCCAAC80Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
MiDecadecapodsMiDeca-F: GGACGATAAGACCCTATAAAMiDeca-R: ACGCTGTTATCCCTAAAGT168Komai et al. 2019 β†—
prie_veneroidavenerid clamsprie_veneroida_F: CSCTGTTATCCCYRCGGTAprie_veneroida_R: TTDTAAAAGCCGAGAAGACCCβ€”PriΓ© et al. 2020 β†—
wilderlab_HDcrustaceansMiDeca-F: GGACGATAAGACCCTATAAAMiDeca-R: ACGCTGTTATCCCTAAAGT168Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_WGvenerid clamswilderlab_WG_F: CSCTGTTATCCCYRCGGTAwilderlab_WG_R: TTDTAAAAGMCGAGAAGACCC130Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_ZPzooplanktonwilderlab_ZP_F: GGACGATAAGACCCTATAAADCTTwilderlab_ZP_R: CGCTGTTATCCCTAAAGTAAYTTβ€”Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_ZCzooplanktonwilderlab_ZC_F: GGACGATAAGACCCTATAAADCTTwilderlab_ZC_R: CGCTGTTATCCCTAAAGTAAYTT115Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_DGdecapodswilderlab_DG_F: TCTTCGGTTGGGGCGACwilderlab_DG_R: GGATTGCGCTGTTATCCCT95Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
Sponge16SporiferaSponge16S_377For: NGAGTACTGTRAAGGAAAGYTGSponge16S_583Rev: AGATCACTTGGYTTCGGGβ€”Alexander et al. 2019 β†—
wilderlab_UMbacteriaF785e: GGATTAGATACCCTGGTA907R: CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT102Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
Cyt b
wilderlab_YGvertebrateswilderlab_YG_F: CBGAYATCTCYACCGCYTTYTCwilderlab_YG_R: AAAGAAAGATGCGCCRTTRGCATGβ€”Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
18S rRNA
amaral_zettler_18Sprotists1389F: TTGTACACACCGCCC1510R: CCTTCYGCAGGTTCACCTACβ€”Amaral-Zettler et al. 2009 β†—
wilderlab_BEeukaryotes1380F: CCCTGCCHTTTGTACACAC1510R: CCTTCYGCAGGTTCACCTAC125Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_BUprotists1389F: TTGTACACACCGCCC1510R: CCTTCYGCAGGTTCACCTAC120Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_BXeukaryotes18S_1F: GCCAGTAGTCATATGCTTGTCT18S_400R: GCCTGCTGCCTTCCTT400Pochon et al. 2013 β†—
ITS1
wilderlab_GVvascular plantswilderlab_GV_F: GTGAACCTGCGGAAGGATCwilderlab_GV_R: GATATCCGTTGCCGAGAGTC250Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
wilderlab_GFfungiFung02_F: GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGGFung02_R: CAAGAGATCCGTTGYTGAAAGTK124Epp et al. 2012 β†—
ITS2
CoralTTS2scleractiniaSCLER5.8SFor: GARTCTTTGAACGCAAATGGCSCLER28SRev: GCTTATTAATATGCTTAAATTCAGCGβ€”Alexander et al. 2019 β†—
CoralTTS2_acroacroporaSCLER5.8SFor: GARTCTTTGAACGCAAATGGCCoralacro_874Rev: TCGCCGTTACTGAGGGAATCβ€”Alexander et al. 2019 β†—
wilderlab_GDcnidariaSCLER5.8SFor: GARTCTTTGAACGCAAATGGCSCLER28SRev: GCTTATTAATATGCTTAAATTCAGCG375Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—
trnL
wilderlab_TPvascular plantsA49425: GGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAB49466: CCATTGAGTCTCTGCACCTATC53Taberlet et al. 2006 β†—
rbcL
wilderlab_MZvascular plantswilderlab_rbclZ1: GTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAGCAAGTrbcL19b: CTTCTTCAGGTGGAACTCCAG155Wilkinson et al. 2024 β†—

About

This tool visualises the binding positions of eDNA metabarcoding primer sets on reference genomes using in-silico PCR. To report issues or suggest primers to add, reach out to @PieterPrvst.

Methodology

In-silico PCR is performed using fuzzy string matching with a tolerance of up to 4 substitutions per primer, allowing for degenerate bases and minor mismatches. IUPAC ambiguity codes in primer sequences are expanded to character classes before matching. Primer pairs producing an amplicon larger than 3Γ— the published insert size are excluded as likely false positives. Amplicon sizes shown are insert sizes (excluding primers), consistent with published values.

Reference genomes

Sequences are fetched from NCBI GenBank. Gene annotations are parsed from GenBank feature tables; tRNA features are included for chloroplast genomes only.

AccessionSpeciesCommon nameGroup
NC_002333Danio rerioZebrafishmito
NC_012920Homo sapiensHumanmito
NC_001709Drosophila melanogasterFruit flymito
NC_006161Mytilus edulisBlue musselmito
NC_009626Penaeus vannameiPacific shrimpmito
NC_006894Axinella corrugataSpongemito
PX734719.1Oxyeleotris lineolataSleeper gobymito
PV383170.1Meretrix lamarckiiVenerid clammito
NC_000932Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis (cp)plastid
U13369Homo sapiensHuman rDNAnuclear
LC089989.1Arabidopsis thalianaPlant ITSnuclear
LC544104.1Rhizophagus sp.Fungal ITSnuclear
LC877251.1Favites irregularisCoral ITS2nuclear
PP905704.2Amoebophrya sp.Dinoflagellate 18Snuclear